IP Address Allocations are a grant of one or more relatively large blocks of IP address space by a regional registrar to an ISP or other large company. The ISP or large organization will in turn break up these blocks and assign them in smaller blocks to downstream end users.
IANA allocates blocks of IP addresses to the regional registrars (RIPE, ARIN, APNIC, LACNIC, AFRINIC). The regional registrars allocate IP addresses to Internet Service Providers or private organizations requiring their own IP addresses.
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